AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

An American National Standard

Specification for Welding of Rotating Elements of Equipment

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

An American National Standard

Approved by the American National Standards Institute

February 23, 2012

Specification for Welding of Rotating Elements of Equipment

4th Edition

Supersedes AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2005

Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment

Under the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by the AWS Board of Directors

Abstract

This standard establishes material and workmanship standards for manufacturers, fabricators, repair organizations, pur- chasers, and owner/operators of rotating equipment which are fabricated or repaired by welding. Included are sections defining process qualifications, operator qualifications, quality control, inspection requirements, and repair requirements.

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards

All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern- mental bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.

AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu- ate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.

AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.

In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.

This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amendments or errata. It may also be supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.

Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.

The AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.

On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).

Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (see Annex A). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

Dedication

In Memoriam

Gordon Earle Cossaboom

1925–2007

This edition of AWS D14.6 is dedicated in memory of Gordon Earle Cossaboom. Gordon was the chair of the D14.6 stan- dard when it was first published in 1981, and the second edition in 1996. Gordon was a member of the AWS D14G Subcommittee for about 33 years.

Gordon Earle Cossaboom, an AWS Life Member, graduated from the Boston Latin School in 1943. He served in the U.S. Army in Europe during WWII, then returned to Boston where he graduated from Northeastern University with a BS in civil engineering. After receiving his BS degree, he studied at The Ohio State University where he earned a MS degree in welding engineering.

In 1954, Cossaboom started his career at General Electric Company where he worked for several years. Later, he worked with Westinghouse Electric Company, Syosset, New York, and with the Eutectic Corporation. With these welding equipment manufacturers, he focused on new product devel-

opment and participated in the development of CO2 welding. In 1967, he joined American Standards’ Industrial Products Division in Dearborn, Michigan, as manager of engineering.

From 1978 to 1986, Cossaboom worked as a welding engineer for the Manufacturing and Quality Division of Gilbert Com- monwealth, Jackson, Michigan. From 1986 to his retirement in 1988, he served on the faculty at Ferris State University as an associate professor in the Welding Technology Depart- ment. He was an AWS member for 54 years and an active member of the Central Michigan Section.

Gordon was awarded the Samuel Wylie Miller Memorial Medal (Posthumous Recognition) in 2007. Gordon died at age 82 on January 10, 2007.

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

Personnel

AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment

T. J. Landon, Chair Chicago Bridge & Iron Company

L. L. Schweinegruber, 1st Vice Chair Independent Inspector and Welding Consultant

B. K. Banzhaf, 2nd Vice Chair CNH America LLC

M. Rubin, Secretary American Welding Society

D. B. Ashley Hartford Steam Boiler

T. J. Bruno Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company

J. E. Campbell WeldTech Solutions Corporation

D. J. Landon Vermeer Manufacturing Company

R. Larsen John Deere Des Moines Works

A. P. Mortale Deere & Company

J. D. Slipke Rosenboom Machine & Tool, Incorporated

J. L. Warren CNH America LLC

E. G. Yevick Weld-Met International Group

Advisors to the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment

M. D. Bell Preventive Metallurgy

P. Collins Weldcon Engineering

R. T. Hemzacek Consultant

B. D. Horn Consultant

D. J. Malito Girard Machine Company, Incorporated

M. R. Malito Girard Machine Company, Incorporated

D. C. Martinez Consultant

H. W. Mishler Consultant

J. G. Nelson Northrop Grumman

A. R. Olsen ARO Testing, Incorporated

P. J. Palzkill Consultant

AWS D14G Subcommittee on Welding of Rotating Equipment

L. L. Schweinegruber, Chair Independent Inspector and Welding Consultant

D. R. Wisner, 1st Vice Chair Duke Energy Corporation

R. F. Rose, 2nd Vice Chair Howden Buffalo Aftermarket Division

M. Rubin, Secretary American Welding Society

E. Hartman Auren Inspection

E. G. Yevick Weld-Met International Group

Advisors to the AWS D14G Subcommittee on Welding of Rotating Equipment

R. L. Holdren Applications Technologies Company LLC

J. L. Warren CNH America LLC

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

Foreword

This foreword is not part of AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012, Specification for Welding of Rotating Elements of Equipment, but is included for informational purposes only.

This is the fourth edition of the D14.6 specification. AWS first published the Specification for Welding of Rotating Elements of Equipment in 1981 to provide a welding specification that would apply to dynamic applications for new, modified, or the repair of welded rotating elements. Rotating elements can range from a few inches in diameter to over 200 in [5 m] in diameter. This specification is directed toward (but not limited to) crushers, fans, impellers, centrifugal impellers, kilns, pulpers, gears, sheaves, drive trains, crankshafts, flywheels, power transmission shafts, air moving devices, blowers, and rotating elements of hydro electric generating equipment. By definition, the types of equipment covered by the specification are numerous and varied. The specifications that were used prior to this specification were ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in part or in whole and AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code—Steel. AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012 utilizes information from these codes. The sections on design have been omitted. It is felt that a separate study of how practices do or should differ in design of welding rotating equipment from those published for sta- tionary structures is needed. Such a study was beyond the scope of this subcommittee.

This edition has some revisions that require the use of AWS B2.1/B2.1M:2009, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, to supplement the information that has been removed from this edition. The following infor- mation has been removed and can be found in B2.1/B2.1M:2009:

1. F number grouping for filler metals

2. Permitted welding processes

3. Procedure qualification specimen for groove welds

4. Allowable base metals and filler metals for performance qualification

5. Grouping of base metals by M number and specification number

6. The following figures:

   1. Limits of Welding Positions for Groove Welds

   2. Welding Test Positions—Plate Groove Welds

   3. Welding Test Positions—Pipe Grove Welds

   4. Limits of Welding Positions for Fillet Welds

   5. Welding Test Positions for Plate Fillet Welds

   6. Welding Test Positions for Pipe Fillet Welds

   7. Tension Test Specimens—Test Plate

   8. Tension Test Specimens—Test Pipe 2 in [50 mm] and 3 in [75 mm] Diameters

   9. Tension Test Specimens—Test Pipe 6 in [150 mm] and 8 in [200 mm] Diameters

   10. Tension Test Specimens—Cylindrical Test Bar for All-Weld-Metal and Crossweld Tensile Specimens

   11. Tension Test Specimens—Typical Locations for Multiple Specimens

   12. Transverse Side Bend Specimens

       AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

       
       

   13. Transverse Face and Root Bend Specimens

   14. Longitudinal Face and Root Bend Specimens

   15. Jigs for Guided Bend Test—Standard Test Fixture

   16. Jigs for Guided Bend Test—Alternate Wrap-Around Guided Bend Test Fixture

   17. Jigs for Guided Bend Test—Alternate Roller-Equipped Guided Bend Test Fixture for Bottom Ejection of Test Specimens

   18. Test Specimen Layout for Procedure Qualification

   19. Location of Cladding Test Specimens

   20. Weld Cladding Side Bend Test Specimens

   21. Weld Cladding and Hardfacing Chemical Analysis Specimens

   22. Test Specimen Layout for Performance Qualification of Welders and Welding Operators

   23. Method of Applying Load on Fillet-Weld Break-Test Specimen

7. Welder performance requirements for welding positions

No restrictions are placed on the use of any welding process or procedure provided the weld produced by the process meets the qualification requirements of the specification. No attempt is made to limit or restrict technology progression on the Welding of Rotating Elements, nor should any such limitation be inferred. Similarly no limitation is intended on the use of any base metal, weld joint preparation, or welding consumable capable of being qualified.

Underlined areas in text, tables, or figures indicate changes from the previous edition. A vertical line in the margin next to a figure, equation, or other item also indicates a revision from the previous edition.

Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

Table of Contents

Page No.

Dedication v

Personnel vii

Foreword ix

List of Tables xiii

List of Figures xiii

1. Scope 1

2. Normative References 1

3. Definitions and General Provisions 6

   1. Definitions 6

   2. Responsibilities 7

4. Materials 7

   1. Base Metals 7

   2. Welding Electrodes, Filler Metals, and Consumables 8

5. Welding Processes 8

6. Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification 8

   Part A—General Requirements 8

   1. Scope. 8

   2. Exceptions to AWS B2.1/B2.1M Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification 8

   3. Responsibility for Welding 8

   4. Notch-Toughness Tests 9

      Part B—Procedure Qualification 9

   5. General Requirements 9

   6. Preparation of Test Joint 12

      Part C—Welding Process Variables 12

   7. General 12

   8. Special Processes 18

      Part D—Performance Qualification 19

   9. Performance Qualification Tests 19

   10. Essential Variables for Qualifying Welders and Welding Operators 19

   11. Qualification Test Joints 19

7. Fabrication Requirements 21

   1. General 21

   2. Preparation of Base Metal 21

   3. Assembly 21

   4. Weld Surface Conditions 22

   5. Corrections 24

   6. Peening 24

   7. Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) 24

8. Inspection and Quality Control 27

   1. General Requirements 27

      AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

      Page No.

   2. Examination and Inspection 27

   3. Obligations of the Manufacturer, Fabricator, or Repair Organization 28

   4. Nondestructive Testing (NDT) 28

   5. Preparation and Disposition of Reports 29

9. Modification and Repair 29

   1. Scope. 29

   2. Qualification 29

   3. Removal of Metal 29

   4. Repair of Type of Defect 29

   5. Peening 30

   6. Postweld Heat Treatment 30

   7. Temper Bead 30

   8. Cleaning 30

   9. Testing and Inspection 30

Annex A (Informative)—Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries 31

Annex B (Informative)—Sample Forms 33

Annex C (Informative)—Quality Control System 35

Annex D (Informative)—Inspection Methods 37

Annex E (Informative)—UT Examination of Welds by Alternative Techniques 65

Annex F (Informative)—Stud Welding 67

Annex G (Informative)—Roadmap for Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) Development 69

List of AWS Documents on Machinery and Equipment 71

AWS D14.6/D14.6M:2012

List of Tables

Table Page No.

1. Welding Procedure Process Variables 3

2. Procedure Qualification—Production Welding Positions Qualified by Plate and Pipe Tests 16

3. A-Number Classification of Weld Metal Analysis for Procedure Qualification 18

4. Test Specimens for Performance Qualification of Welders and Welding Operators 20

1. Penetrameter Requirements 43

2. Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Requirements 43

3. Examples of Acceptance Indications 48

4. Ultrasonic Procedure Testing Angle 62

5. Ultrasonic Acceptance and Rejection Criteria 64

G.1 Roadmap for Development of Welding Procedure Specifications (WPSs) 70

List of Figures

Figure Page No.

1. Fillet Weld Soundness Test for Procedure Qualification 11

2. Location of Test Specimen on Welded Test Plate 1 in [25 mm] Thick—Consumables

   Verification for Fillet Weld WPS Qualification 12

3. Acceptable and Unacceptable Weld Profiles 23

4. Pneumatic Hammer Peening 25

1. Radiographic Identification and Penetrameter or Wire IQI Locations on Approximately

   Equal-Thickness Joints 10 in [250 mm] and Greater in Length 45

2. Radiographic Identification and Penetrameter or Wire IQI Locations on Approximately

   Equal-Thickness Joints Less Than 10 in [250 mm] in Length 45

3. Radiographic Identification and Penetrameter or Wire IQI Locations on Transition Joints

   10 in [250 mm] and Greater in Length 46

4. Radiographic Identification and Penetrameter or Wire IQI Locations on Transition Joints

   Less Than 10 in [250 mm] in Length 46

5. Examples of Aligned Rounded Indications 49

6. Examples of Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications 49

7. Charts for Thickness Equal to 1/8 in to 1/4 in [3 mm to 6 mm], Inclusive 50

8. Charts for Thickness Over 1/4 in to 3/8 in [6 mm to 10 mm], Inclusive 50

9. Charts for Thickness Over 3/8 in to 3/4 in [10 mm to 20 mm], Inclusive 51

10. Charts for Thickness Over 3/4 in to 2 in [20 mm to 50 mm], Inclusive 51

11. Charts for Thickness Over 2 in to 4 in [50 mm to 100 mm], Inclusive 52

12. Charts for Thickness Over 4 in [100 mm] 53

13. RC—Resolution Reference Block in Inches and Millimeters 56

14. Typical Transducer Positions 58

15. Plan View of UT Scanning Patterns 61