AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

An American National Standard

Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

An American National Standard

Approved by the American National Standards Institute

April 18, 2012

Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment

4th Edition

Supersedes AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2005

Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) D14 Committee Machinery and Equipment

Under the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by the AWS Board of Directors

Abstract

This specification establishes common acceptance criteria for classifying and applying carbon and low-alloy steel welded joints used in the manufacture of machines and equipment. It also covers weld joint design, workmanship, quality con- trol requirements and procedures, welding operator and welding procedure qualification, weld joint inspection (visual, radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant), repair of weld defects, and heat treatment.

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-812-9

American Welding Society 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166

© 2012 by American Welding Society

All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

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AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards

All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen- tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.

AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS adminis- ters the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.

AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether spe- cial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein.

In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.

This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publica- tion of amendments or errata. It may also be supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.

Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.

The AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.

On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org).

Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166 (see Annex C). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addi- tion, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment. It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committee’s response to the com- ments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

Personnel

AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment

T. J. Landon, Chair Chicago Bridge & Iron Company

L. L. Schweinegruber, 1st Vice Chair Consultant

B. K. Banzhaf, 2nd Vice Chair CNH America LLC

M. Rubin, Secretary American Welding Society

D. B. Ashley Hartford Steam Boiler

T. J. Bruno Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company

J. E. Campbell WeldTech Solutions Corporation

D. J. Landon Vermeer Manufacturing Company

R. Larsen John Deere

A. P. Mortale Deere & Company

J. D. Splike Rosenboom Machine & Tool, Incorporated

W. A. Svekric Welding Consultants, Incorporated

J. L. Warren CNH America LLC

E. G. Yevick Weld-Met International Group

Advisors to the AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment

M. D. Bell Preventive Metallurgy

P. Collins WeldCon Engineering

R. T. Hemzacek Consultant

B. D. Horn Consultant

D. J. Malito Girard Machine Company, Incorporated

M. R. Malito Girard Machine Company, Incorporated

D. C. Martinez Consultant

H. W. Mishler Consultant

J. G. Nelson Northrop Grumman

A. R. Olsen ARO Testing, Incorporated

P. J. Palzkill Consultant

AWS D14B Subcommittee on General Design and Practices

D. J. Landon, Chair Vermeer Manufacturing Company

M. Rubin, Secretary American Welding Society

D. B. Ashley Hartford Steam Boiler

B. K. Banzhaf CNH America LLC

T. J. Bruno Link-Belt Construction Equipment Company

R. Larsen John Deere

D. K. Miller The Lincoln Electric Company

R. Warke Le Tourneau University

Advisors to the AWS D14B Subcommittee on General Design and Practices

D. J. Malito Girard Machine Company, Incorporated

M. R. Malito Girard Machine Company, Incorporated

D. C. Martinez Consultant

1. W. Mishler Consultant

   1. R. Olsen ARO Testing, Incorporated

J. L. Warren CNH America LLC

E. G. Yevick Weld-Met International Group

V. R. Zegers R E Technical Services, Incorporated

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

Foreword

This foreword is not part of AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012, Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment, but is included for informational purposes only.

In 1967, the Technical Activities Committee of AWS established a technical committee to provide standards and recom- mended practices for the welding and fabrication of industrial equipment and machinery. The scope of that technical committee, identified as D14 committee, was to collect, review, and promulgate minimum requirements considered nec- essary for the control of welding in the fabrication of industrial machinery and equipment. This included weld design data, welding process selection, materials control, fabrication practices, quality standards, inspection and testing. The committee determined that a single universal standard and guide covering all machinery and equipment was impractical due to differences in utilization and operational requirements. Therefore it became the policy of the D14 committee to establish subcommittees as may be required to consider specific types of machinery and equipment within the scope of the main committee. A listing of the subcommittees for D14 at the time of approval of this document is as follows:

D14B – Subcommittee on General Design and Practices

D14C – Subcommittee on Earthmoving and Construction Equipment D14E – Subcommittee on Welding Cranes and Presses

D14G – Subcommittee on Welding Rotating Equipment

D14H – Subcommittee on the Surfacing of Industrial Rolls and Equipment D14I – Subcommittee on Hydraulic Cylinders

The first edition of this Standard was published in 1977 to provide a standard for the classification of welded joints for machinery and equipment. It included weld joint design, welding fabrication practices, quality control, and inspection indices to meet general machinery performance requirements. Over time, other standards for specific areas in the machin- ery and equipment field were developed by the D14 committee (see list on back page of this document) and this standard then served as a supplement to these standards and continued to provide a basis for other areas in the machinery and equipment field not served by a specific standard. Today, this standard is still intended to be referenced by all D14 stan- dards as applicable.

Thus, as the purpose of this document has undergone a subtle change, the committee has changed the title of this docu- ment to Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment from its former titles of Specification for Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment and Classification of Welded Joints for Machinery and Equipment.

The purpose of this Specification is not to restrict the use of other proven methods and procedures for welding machin- ery and equipment. Where such methods and procedures exist, this Specification should be referenced as a supplement.

This fourth edition includes new clauses on general design requirements and welded connection design as well as the inclusion of measurable criteria for the control of excessive convexity utilizing the reentrant angle on welds.

Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS D14 Committee on Machinery and Equipment, American Welding Society, 8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166.

This document will be reviewed periodically to assure its success in serving all parties concerned with its provisions. Revisions will be issued when warranted.

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

Table of Contents

Page No.

Personnel v

Foreword vii

List of Tables xi

List of Figures xii

1. Scope 1

   1. General 1

   2. Limitations 1

   3. Units of Measurement 1

   4. Safety and Health 1

2. Normative References 2

   1. American Welding Society (AWS) 2

   2. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 2

   3. American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) 2

   4. American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) 3

3. Definitions 3

4. General Design Requirements 3

   1. Weldment Classifications 3

   2. Weld Classifications 4

   3. Loading Classification 4

   4. Combined Unit Stresses 4

   5. Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirements 4

   6. Filler Metals 4

   7. Nondestructive Testing 4

   8. Requirements for Secondary Welds 5

5. Welded Connection Design 5

   1. Principal Structural Weldments-General 5

   2. Cyclically Loaded Principal Structural Weldments 5

   3. Prohibited Joints and Welds in Principal Structural Weldments 15

   4. Prohibited Joints and Welds in Cyclically Loaded Principal Structural Weldments 15

   5. Lap Joints 16

   6. Combinations of Welds 16

   7. Welds In Combination with Rivets and Bolts 16

   8. Fillet Weld Details 16

   9. Eccentricity of Connections 16

   10. Connections or Splices in Tension and Compression Members 17

   11. Connections or Splices in Compression Members with Milled Joints 17

   12. Connections of Components of Built-Up Members 17

   13. Transition of Thicknesses or Widths at Butt Joints 17

   14. Girders and Beams 17

   15. Effective Weld Areas, Lengths, and Sizes 19

   16. Fillers 21

       AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

   17. Joint Details 22

   18. Details of Fillet Welds 22

   19. Details of Plug and Slot Welds 24

   20. Complete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove Welds 26

   21. Partial Joint Penetration (PJP) Groove Welds 26

   22. Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes 26

6. Workmanship 26

   1. General 26

   2. Preparation of Materials 27

   3. Assembly 28

7. Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification 30

8. Inspection 30

   1. Visual Inspection 31

   2. Radiographic Testing 38

   3. Ultrasonic Testing 48

   4. Magnetic Particle Testing 59

   5. Liquid Penetrant Testing 61

9. Repair 62

   1. Weld Repairs 62

   2. Base-Metal Repairs 63

   3. Repair Procedure 65

10. Postweld Treatments 65

    1. Introduction 65

    2. Thermal Residual Stress Reduction 65

    3. Peening 66

    4. Vibratory Conditioning 66

Annex A (Normative) — Illustrative Examples of Prohibited Joints and Welds 69

Annex B (Informative) — Typical Weld Joints Details 73

Annex C (Informative) — Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries 105

Annex D (Informative) — Bibliography 107

List of AWS Documents on Machinery and Equipment 109

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

List of Tables

Table Page No.

1. Base Metal and Filler Metal Relationship 5

2. Allowable Stresses in Weld Metal 6

3. Fatigue Stress Design Parameters (see 5.2) 8

4. Allowable Fatigue Stress Range 15

5. Effective Size of Flare-Groove Welds Filled Flush 20

6. Minimum Single Pass Fillet Weld Size for Heat Input 23

7. Minimum Size of Full Strength Double Fillet Weldsa 24

8. Z Loss Dimension (Nontubular) 25

9. Z Loss Dimensions for Calculating PJP T-, Y-, and K-Tubular Connection

   Minimum Weld Sizes 25

10. Minimum Weld Size for Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welds 27

11. Heat Input Calculations 31

12. Acceptance Criteria for Inspection 32

13. NDT and Visual Inspection Requirementsa 37

14. Standard Hole-Type and Wire Image Quality Indicator Requirements 40

15. Examples of Acceptable Indicationsa 44

16. Limits on Acceptability and Repair of Cut Edge Discontinuities of Plate 63

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

List of Figures

Figure Page No.

1. Illustrative Examples for Table 4 7

2. Fillet and Combined Weld Dimension 7

3. Size and Effective Throat Measurements for Fillet and Partial Penetration Groove Welds with

   Reinforcing Fillet Welds 16

4. Staggered Intermittent Fillet Weld 18

5. Classification of Welded Joints 19

6. Transition of Butt Joints in Parts of Unequal Thickness 21

7. Transition of Width at Butt Joints of Parts Having Unequal Width (see 6.11.3) 21

8. Edge Discontinuities in Cut Material (see 5.3.3) 22

9. Pneumatic Hammer Peening (see7.8.4) 23

10. Unacceptable Submerged Arc Weld Pass where the Depth and Width Exceed the Face Width 24

11. Positions of Test Plates for Groove Welds 29

12. Positions of Test Pipe or Tubing for Groove Welds 33

13. Positions of Test Plates for Fillet Welds 34

14. Radiographic Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Approximately Equal

    Thickness Joints 10 in [250 mm] and Greater in Length 40

15. Radiographic Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Approximately Equal

    Thickness Joints Less Than 10 in [250 mm] in Length 41

16. Radiographic Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Transition Joints 10 in

    [250 mm] and Greater in Length 41

17. Radiographic Identification and Hole-Type or Wire IQI Locations on Transition Joints Less

    Than 10 in [250 mm] in Length 42

18. Examples of Aligned Rounded Indications 45

19. Examples of Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications 45

20. Charts for Thickness Equal to 1/8 in. [3 mm] to 1/4 in. [6 mm], Inclusive 45

21. Charts for Thickness Over 1/4 in. [6 mm] to 3/8 in. [10 mm], Inclusive 46

22. Charts for Thickness Over 3/8 in [10 mm] to 3/4 in [20 mm], Inclusive 46

23. Charts for Thickness Over 3/4 in [20 mm] to 2 in [50 mm], Inclusive 47

24. Charts for Thickness Over 2 in [50 mm] to 4 in [100 mm], Inclusive 47

25. Charts for Thickness Over 4 in [100 mm] 48

26. 70° Calibration Standard 50

27. 60° Calibration Standard 51

28. 45° Calibration Standard 52

29. Typical Screen Calibration 54

30. Test Procedure—CJP Groove Weld in Butt Joints 54

31. Method of Detecting Longitudinal Discontinuities in CJP Groove Weld in Butt Joints

    Not Ground Flush 55

32. Method of Detecting Longitudinal Discontinuities in CJP Groove Weld in Butt Joints Ground Flush 56

33. Method for Detecting Longitudinal Discontinuities in CJP Groove Welds in Corner Joints

    Not Ground Flush 56

34. Procedure for Testing CJP Groove Welds in T-Joints 57

35. Method of Using Procedure for Testing CJP Groove Welds in T-Joints 57

36. Edge Discontinuities in Cut Material 64

1. Typical Complete Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joints 73

2. Typical Partial Joint Penetration Groove Welded Joints 94

AWS D14.4/D14.4M:2012

Specification for the Design of Welded Joints in Machinery and Equipment

1. Scope

   1. General

      This specification sets forth requirements dealing with the allowable stresses, welded joint design, workmanship, proce- dure and performance qualification, inspection, repair and post weld treatments of welded connections used in machin- ery and equipment, subject to static and cyclic loading. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other specifications that provide application specific requirements (such as D14.1, D14.3, etc.). In the event a conflict arises between the application specific standard and AWS D14.4/D14.4M, the application specific standard shall take precedence. The intent of this document is to establish the effect of weld joint geometry, welding practices, and quality control on allowable stress levels. The specification also provides practices that can be used for examination of welded joints used in fabrication of machinery and equipment.

   2. Limitations

      This specification does not dictate load determination, design assumptions, safety factors, or calculation methods. It is not the intent of this specification to restrict the use of other proven welding methods and procedures that are not mentioned herein, which achieve acceptable results and which have been agreed to in writing by the Owner and Manufacturer.

   3. Units of Measurement

      This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The measurements may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. The specification with the designation D14.4 uses U.S. Customary Units. The specification D14.4M uses SI Units. The latter are shown in appropriate columns in tables and figures or within brackets [ ] when used in the text. Detailed dimensions on figures are in inches. A separate tabular form that relates the U.S. Customary Units with SI Units may be used in tables and figures.

   4. Safety and Health

      Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health information is provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein.

      Safety and health information is available from the following sources: American Welding Society:

      1. ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes

      2. AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets

      3. Other safety and health information on the AWS website Material or Equipment Manufacturers:

1. Material Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers

2. Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers Applicable Regulatory Agencies

1