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AWS A3.0:2001 Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Includes Errata
standard by American Welding Society, 07/02/2001
Terms you won't find in your regular dictionary! Adequate definition requires there be only one clearly applicable definition. The definition must accurately reflect the terms use in the welding world. Industry correct and nonstandard terms are both included in this 153-page compilation of over 1,200 definitions. Add precision and clarity to your technical writing with the correct usage of welding terms. Also includes the Master Chart of Welding and Allied Processes and the Joining Method Chart. ANSI Approved, Dept. of Defense Adopted. Illustrated with 53 drawings. Published in 2001. Product Details
Published: 07/02/2001 ISBN(s): 0871716240 ANSI: ANSI Approved Number of Pages: 152 Part of: AWS Bundle A:2009
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AWS A3.0:2001
An American National Standard
Standard Welding Terms and Definitions
Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding,Brazing,Soldering, Thermal Cutting,and Thermal Spraying
welding definitions, brazing, soldering, thermal spraying, thermal cutting
Supersedes ANSI/AWS A3.0-94
Prepared by AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols
Under the Direction of AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by AWS Board of Directors
This standard is a glossary of the technical terms used in the welding industry. Its purpose is to establish standard terms to aid in the communication of welding information. Since it is intended be a comprehensive compilation of welding termi- nology, nonstandard terms used in the welding industry are also included. All terms are either standard or nonstandard. They are arranged in the conventional dictionary letter-by-letter alphabetical sequence.
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
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AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols
R. L. Holdren, Chair Edison Welding Institute
A. J. Kathrens, 1st Vice Chair Canadian Welding Bureau
J. E. Greer, 2nd Vice Chair Moraine Valley Community College
C. B. Pollock, Secretary American Welding Society
L. J. Barley Faurecia Exhaust Systems, Inc.
H. B. Cary Consultant
J. P. Christein Newport News Shipbuilding
C. K. Ford Hobart Institute
B. B. Grimmett Edison Welding Institute
M. J. Grycko, Jr. Green Acres Consulting Service
R. D. McGuire National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors
L. J. Siy Compositools, Inc.
J. J. Vagi Engineering Consultants
*G. B. Coates General Dynamics Armament Systems
*J. G. Guenther Dean Lally L. P.
*E. A. Harwart Consultant
*J. J. Stanczak Steel Detailers & Designers
AWS A2B Definitions Subcommittee
R. L. Holdren, Chair Edison Welding Institute
J. E. Greer, Vice Chair Moraine Valley Community College
B. Pollock, Secretary American Welding Society
L. J. Barley Faurecia Exhaust Systems, Inc.
H. B. Cary Consultant
B. B. Grimmett Edison Welding Institute
J. Grycko, Jr. Green Acres Consulting Service
J. Vagi Engineering Consultant
R. Willens Duke Engineering & Services
*A. B. Cedilote Industrial Testing Lab Services
*A. T. Cullison American Welding Society
*D. L. Kuruzar Manufacturing Technology, Inc.
*R. D. McGuire National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors
*Advisor
iii
(This Foreword is a not part of AWS A3.0:2001, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, but is included for information purposes only.)
The A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols was formed by the American Welding Society to establish standard terms and definitions to aid in the communication of welding information. This publication is the major product of work done by the Subcommittee on Definitions in support of that purpose.
The first AWS document containing welding definitions was prepared by the Committee of Definitions and Chart and approved by the Executive Committee as Tentative Definitions of Welding Terms and Master Chart of Welding Processes, on January 18, 1940. A revision was approved by the AWS Board of Directors on May 7, 1942.
The next revision, bearing the designation A3.0, was called Standard Welding Terms and Their Definitions. This revision, published in 1949, listed the terms alphabetically.
During the late 1950s, the Committee was reorganized as the AWS Committee on Definitions and Symbols, and after several years’ work, produced A3.0-61, AWS Definitions, Welding and Cutting. Subsequent revisions were published in 1969, 1976, 1980, 1985, 1989, and 1994.
The present publication, A3.0:2001, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, defines 1359 terms, with 58 illus- trations to support and clarify the definitions, as well as classification charts and corollary information for the welding processes.
The standard terms and definitions published here are those that should be used in the oral and written language of welding. Since this is intended to be a comprehensive compilation of welding terminology, nonstandard terms used in the welding industry are included. All terms are either standard or nonstandard; standard terms are identified by boldface and nonstandard terms are labeled as such.
Standard terms have been approved by the American Welding Society, whereas, nonstandard terms have not. It is recommended that standard terms be used in all welding literature, in particular, documents of a legal nature; for example, standards, contracts, laws, and regulations. Nonstandard terms are not recommended for any purpose.
To make this document most useful, the terms are arranged in the conventional dictionary letter-by-letter alphabetical sequence. It is the policy of the American Welding Society to use only generic terms and definitions in this publication. The numerous proprietary brand and trademark names commonly used to describe welding processes, equipment, and filler metals are not included.
To preserve an understanding of old documents and literature, welding terms believed to be no longer significant in the welding industry are included. Obsolete or seldom used processes are listed separately in Table 5.
The figures have been grouped together, rather than dispersed throughout the text. This grouping is desirable, since several figures illustrate more than one term.
Also, figures concerning related terms have been grouped to illustrate similarities, differences, and interrelationships. Two classification arrangements are presented in this publication as charts of a hierarchy of welding processes.
The traditional Master Chart of Welding and Allied Processes places the main categories in the center, with the sub- categories in boxes around the perimeter.
The Joining Method Chart and corollary classification charts are based exclusively on the physical state of materials at the joint during coalescence. This results in three major classifications of the welding processes; fusion welding for liquid/liquid, solid-state welding for solid/solid, and brazing and soldering for liquid/solid.
Some of the views and intentions of the Definitions Subcommittee are presented in the Definitions Subcommittee Manifesto, included in this document as Annex A.
To improve understanding of the terms and definitions published in A3.0, the Guide to A3.0 is included as Annex B. Interested readers are encouraged to submit pertinent comments, including new or modified definitions to the Secretary, AWS A2 Committee on Definitions and Symbols, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services, American Welding Society. A formal reply will be issued after it
has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following established procedures (see Annex D).
v
Page No.
Personnel iii
Foreword v
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Terms and Definitions 1
Annexes—Nonmandatory Information
Annex A—The Definitions Subcommittee Manifesto of 1987 125
Annex B—A Guide to A3.0 131
Annex C—Modifications to A3.0 from A3.0-94 135
Annex D—Guidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for AWS Technical Committees 141
vii
Figure Page No.
Joint Types 47
Flanged Joints 48
Spliced Butt Joints 49
Joint Root 50
Groove Face, Root Edge, and Root Face 51
Bevel Angle, Bevel Face, Depth of Bevel, Groove Angle, Bevel Radius, and Root Opening 52
Edge Shapes 54
Single-Groove Welds 55
Double-Groove Welds 58
Welds in Flanged Joints 60
Butting and Nonbutting Member or Members 61
Split Pipe Backing 61
Edge Weld, Scarf Groove, Weld Joint Mismatch, Root Face Extension, and Consumable Insert 62
Seam Welds and Spot Welds 63
Various Weld Types 64
16A Welding Position Diagram for Groove Welds in Plate 65
16B Welding Position Diagram for Fillet Welds in Plate 66
16C Welding Position Diagram for Groove Welds in Pipe 67
Welding Test Positions and Their Designations for Groove Welds in Plate 68
Welding Test Positions and Their Designations for Fillet Welds in Plate 69
Welding Test Positions and Their Designations for Groove Welds in Pipe 71
Welding Test Positions and Their Designations for Fillet Welds in Pipe 72
Position of Beam, Filler Material, Gun, or Torch 74
Weld Bead Types 75
Welding Application Nomenclature 76
Parts of a Weld 78
Weld Sizes 83
Groove Weld Size and Joint Penetration 87
Melt-Through and Root Surface Profile 89
Complete Fusion 90
Incomplete Fusion 91
Fusion Welds 92
Joining without Fusion 93
Weld Discontinuities 94
Crack Types 95
Welding Current Polarity 96
Plasma Arc Torch Nomenclature 97
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Torch Nomenclature 97
Electroslag Welding Process Nomenclature 98
Gas Metal Arc and Flux Cored Arc Welding Gun Nomenclature 99
Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding 100
Oxyacetylene Flame 101
Oxygen Cutting 102
Filler Metal Packaging 102
Thermal Spraying Surface Preparation 103
viii
Figure Page No.
Generalized Diagram of Inertia Friction Welding 104
Generalized Diagram of Direct Drive Friction Welding 105
Typical Arrangements for Multiple Spot Welding 106
Typical Arrangements for Single Spot Welds 107
Resistance Welding Current Characteristics for Frequency Converter Equipment 108
Multiple-Impulse Resistance Spot Welding Schedule 109
Single-Impulse Resistance Spot Welding Schedule 109
High-Frequency Resistance Welding 110
Typical GTAW or PAW Program for Automatic Welding 112
Typical GMAW, FCAW, and SAW Program for Automatic Welding 112
54A Master Chart of Welding and Joining Processes 113
54B Master Chart of Allied Processes 114
Joining Method Chart 115
Fusion Welding Process Classification Chart 116
Solid-State Welding Classification Chart 117
Brazing and Soldering Classification Chart 118
Table Page No.
Letter Designations of Welding, Joining, and Allied Processes 119
Alphabetical Cross-Reference to Table 1 by Process 121
Alphabetical Cross-Reference to Table 1 by Letter Designation 121
Suffixes for Optional Use in Applying Welding, Joining, and Allied Processes 122
Obsolete or Seldom Used Processes 123
Joint Type Designators 123
ix
AWS A3.0:2001
Note: Vertical lines preceding terms indicate where changes (additions, modifications, corrections, deletions) from the 1994 edition were made. A single line represents a minor or editorial change. Double lines rep- resent a new term or a major change.
Boldface indicates standard terms, lightface indicates nonstandard terms. Terms for standard welding processes and for standard welding process variations are followed by their standard letter designations.
A
abrasion soldering. A soldering process variation dur- ing which the faying surface of the base metal is mechanically abraded.
abrasive blasting. A method of cleaning or surface roughening by a forcibly projected stream of abrasive particles.
absorptive lens. A filter lens designed to attenuate the effects of glare and reflected and stray light. See also filter plate.
accelerating potential, electron beam welding and cut- ting. The potential that imparts velocity to the electrons.
acceptable weld. A weld that meets the applicable requirements.
acetylene feather. The intense white, feathery-edged portion adjacent to the cone of a carburizing oxyacety- lene flame. See Figure 40.
acid core solder. A solder wire or bar containing acid flux as a core.
activated rosin flux. A rosin base flux containing an additive that increases wetting by the solder.
active flux, submerged arc welding. A flux formulated to produce a weld metal composition that is dependent on the welding parameters, especially arc voltage. See also alloy flux and neutral flux.
actual throat. The shortest distance between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld. See Figure 25. See also effective throat and theoretical throat.
adaptive control, adj. pertaining to process control that automatically determines changes in process condi- tions and directs the equipment to take appropriate action. See also automatic, manual, mechanized, robotic, and semiautomatic.
adaptive control brazing. See adaptive control welding. adaptive control soldering. See adaptive control welding. adaptive control thermal cutting. See adaptive control
welding.
adaptive control thermal spraying. See adaptive control welding.
adaptive control welding. Welding with a process con- trol system that automatically determines changes in welding conditions and directs the equipment to take appropriate action. Variations of this term are adaptive control brazing, adaptive control soldering, adap- tive control thermal cutting, and adaptive control thermal spraying. See Table 4. See also automatic welding, manual welding, mechanized welding, robotic welding, and semiautomatic welding.
adhesive. A polymeric material having chemical and physical properties differing from those of the base materials, placed at their faying surfaces, to join the materials together as a result of the attractive forces of this polymeric material.
adhesive bond. An attraction, generally physical in nature, between an adhesive and the base materials.
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