Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services

API STANDARD 616

FIFTH EDITION, JANUARY 2011

Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services

Downstream Segment

API STANDARD 616

FIFTH EDITION, JANUARY 2011

Special Notes

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Copyright © 2011 American Petroleum Institute

Foreword

This standard is based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of manufacturers and users of gas turbines. The objective of this standard is to provide a purchase specification to facilitate the procurement and manufacturer of gas turbines for use in petroleum, chemical, and gas industry services.

Energy conservation is of concern and has become increasingly important in all aspects of equipment design, application, and operation. Thus innovative energy conserving approaches should be aggressively pursued by the manufacturer and the user during these steps. Alternative approaches that may result in improving energy utilization should be thoroughly investigated and brought forth. This is especially true of new equipment proposals, since the evaluation or purchase options will be based increasingly on total life costs as opposed to acquisition cost alone. Equipment manufacturers, in particular, are encouraged to suggest alternatives to those specified when such approaches achieve improved energy effectiveness and reduced total life costs without sacrifice of safety or reliability.

This standard requires the purchaser to specify certain details and features. Although it is recognized that the purchaser may desire to modify, delete, or amplify sections of this standard, it is strongly recommended that such modifications, deletions, and amplifications be made by supplementing this standard, rather than by rewriting or incorporating sections thereof into another standard.

API standards are published as an aid to procurement of standardized equipment and materials. These standards are not intended to inhibit purchasers or producers from purchasing or producing products made to other standards.

Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the standard.

Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the standard.

Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.

This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.

Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.

Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@api.org.

Important Information Concerning Use of Asbestos or Alternative Materials

Asbestos is specified or referenced for certain components of the equipment described in some API standards. It has been of extreme usefulness in minimizing fire hazards associated with petroleum processing. It has also been a universal sealing material, compatible with most refining fluid services.

Certain serious adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among them the serious and often fatal diseases of lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma (a cancer of the chest and abdominal linings). The degree of exposure to asbestos varies with the product and the work practices involved.

Consult the most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standard for Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1001; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Emission Standard for Asbestos, 40 Code of Federal Regulations Sections 61.140 through 61.156; and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule on labeling requirements and phased banning of asbestos products (Sections 763.160-179).

There are currently in use and under development a number of substitute materials to replace asbestos in certain applications. Manufacturers and users are encouraged to develop and use effective substitute materials that can meet the specifications for, and operating requirements of, the equipment to which they would apply.

SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR PRODUCTS OR MATERIALS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT PRODUCT OR MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATASHEET.

1. Scope 1

   1. General 1

   2. Alternative Designs 1

   3. Conflicts 1

2. References 1

   1. Normative References 1

   2. Compliance 6

   3. Responsibilities 6

3. Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols 7

4. Basic Design 17

   1. General 17

   2. Pressure Casings 20

   3. Combustors and Fuel Nozzles 21

   4. Casing Connections 22

   5. Rotating Elements 23

   6. Seals 25

   7. Dynamics 25

   8. Bearings and Bearing Housing 42

   9. Lubrication 45

   10. Materials 46

   11. Nameplates and Rotational Arrows 51

   12. Quality 52

5. Accessories 52

   1. Starting and Helper Driver 52

   2. Gears, Couplings, and Guards 54

   3. Mounting Plates 55

   4. Controls and Instrumentation 62

   5. Piping and Appurtenances 71

   6. Inlet and Exhaust Systems 72

   7. Insulation, Weatherproofing, Fire Protection, and Acoustical Treatment 80

   8. Fuel System 83

   9. Special Tools 95

6. Inspection, Testing, and Preparation for Shipment 96

   1. General 96

   2. Inspection 96

   3. Testing 98

   4. Preparation for Shipment 104

7. Vendor’s Data 105

   1. General 105

   2. Proposals 106

   3. Contract Data 109

Annex A (informative) Typical Datasheets 113

Annex B (normative) Gas Turbine Vendor Drawing and Data Requirements (VDDR) 142

Annex C (normative) Procedure for Determination of Residual Unbalance 155

v

Annex D (normative) Torsional and Lateral Flowcharts 160

Annex E (informative) Gas Turbine Nomenclature 165

Figures

1. Rotor Response Plot 27

2. Undamped Critical Speed Map. 28

3. Between Bearing Machines 29

4. Overhung Machines 30

5. API and ISO Balance Grades 39

6. Typical Mounting Plate Arrangement 57

7. Typical Mounting Plate Arrangement 58

8. Typical Mounting Plate Arrangement 59

9. Typical Mounting Plate Arrangement 60

10. Fuel Gas System–Minimum Arrangement 84

11. Fuel Gas System–Typical Alternative Arrangement 84

12. Fuel Gas System–Typical Alternative Arrangement 84

13. Typical Liquid Fuel System Arrangement 90

14. Performance Curves for a Single-shaft Gas Turbine 110

15. Performance Curves for a Multiple-shaft Gas Turbine (Constant Exhaust Temperature) 110

16. Performance Curves for a Multiple-shaft Gas Turbine (Varying Exhaust Temperature) 111

1. Residual Unbalance Worksheet 156

2. Residual Unbalance Worksheet 157

3. Sample Calculations for Residual Unbalance 158

4. Sample Calculations for Residual Unbalance 159

1. Torsional Analysis Flowchart 161

2. Lateral Analysis Flowchart 163

1. Industrial Gas Turbine Nomenclature 166

2. Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Nomenclature 167

3. Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Nomenclature 168

Tables

1. Corresponding DN and NPS Pipe Sizes 8

2. Various Devices and “On-the-Shelf State” 12

3. Pipe Size and Number of Threads per Inch 13

4. Vibration Limits According to ISO 10816-4 and ISO 7919-4 40

5. Common Hazardous Area Electrical Codes 63

6. Typical Alarm and Shutdown Annunciation 66

7. Inlet Air Contaminants and Sources 74

8. Typical Gas Fuel System Components 84

9. Typical Liquid Fuel System Components 90

Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services

1. Scope

   1. General

      
      

      This standard covers the minimum requirements for open, simple, and regenerative-cycle combustion gas turbine units for services of mechanical drive, generator drive, or process gas generation. All auxiliary equipment required for operating, starting, controlling, and protecting gas turbine units are either discussed directly in this standard or referred to in this standard through references to other publications. Specifically, gas turbine units that are capable of firing gas or liquid or both are covered by this standard. This standard covers both industrial and aeroderivative gas turbines.

      
      

      NOTE A bullet () at the beginning of a paragraph indicates that either a decision is required or further information is to be provided by the purchaser. The information should be indicated on the datasheets (see Annex A); otherwise, it should be stated in the quotation request or in the order.

      
      

   2. Alternative Designs

      
      

      The vendor may offer alternative designs.

      
      

   3. Conflicts

      
      

      In case of conflicts between this standard and the inquiry, the information in the inquiry shall govern. At time of order, the order shall govern.

      
      

2. References

   1. Normative References

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapter 15:2001, Guidelines for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)

API Standard 541:2004, Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors—500 Horsepower and Larger

API Standard 546:2008, Brushless Synchronous Machines—500 KVA and Larger

API Standard 547:2005, General-Purpose Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors—250 Horsepower and Larger

API Standard 611:2008, General-Purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services API Standard 612:2005, Special-Purpose Steam Turbines for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services API Standard 613:2003, Special-Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services

API Standard 614:2008, Lubrication, Shaft-Sealing, and Oil-control Systems and Auxiliaries

API Standard 670:2000, Machinery Protection Systems

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