Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service

ANSI/API STANDARD 560 FOURTH EDITION, AUGUST 2007

ISO 13705:2006 (Identical), Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries—Fired heaters for general refinery service

Special Notes

API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.

Neither API nor any of API’s employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API’s employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.

API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.

API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.

Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.

Copyright © 2007 American Petroleum Institute

API Foreword

Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.

This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.

Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.

Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standards@api.org.

Contents Page

API Foreword ii

Foreword v

Introduction vi

1. Scope 1

2. Normative references 1

3. Terms and definitions 4

4. General 11

   1. Pressure design code 11

   2. Regulations 11

   3. Heater nomenclature 11

5. Proposals 15

   1. Purchaser’s responsibilities 15

   2. Vendor’s responsibilities 15

   3. Documentation. 15

   4. Final records 17

6. Design considerations 17

   1. Process design 17

   2. Combustion design 18

   3. Mechanical design 18

7. Tubes 19

   1. General 19

   2. Extended surface 20

   3. Materials 21

8. Headers 21

   1. General 21

   2. Plug headers 22

   3. Return bends 23

   4. Materials 23

9. Piping, terminals and manifolds 24

   1. General 24

   2. Allowable movement and loads 25

   3. Materials 27

10. Tube supports 27

    1. General 27

    2. Loads and allowable stress 28

    3. Materials 29

11. Refractories and insulation 30

    1. General 30

    2. Brick and tile construction 31

    3. Castable construction 32

    4. Ceramic-fibre construction 32

    5. Multi-component lining construction 34

    6. Materials 34

12. Structures and appurtenances 35

    1. General 35

    2. Structures 35

    3. Header boxes, doors and ports 36

    4. Ladders, platforms and stairways 36

    5. Materials 37

13. Stacks, ducts and breeching 38

    1. General 38

    2. Design considerations 38

    3. Design methods 39

    4. Static design 40

    5. Wind-induced vibration design 41

    6. Materials 42

14. Burners and auxiliary equipment 42

    1. Burners 42

    2. Sootblowers 47

    3. Fans and drivers 47

    4. Dampers and damper controls for stacks and ducts 47

15. Instrument and auxiliary connections 48

    1. Flue gas and air 48

    2. Process fluid temperature 49

    3. Auxiliary connections. 49

    4. Tube-skin thermocouples 50

    5. Access to connections 50

16. Shop fabrication and field erection 50

    1. General 50

    2. Structural-steel fabrication 51

    3. Coil fabrication 52

    4. Painting and galvanizing 53

    5. Refractories and insulation 53

    6. Preparation for shipment 54

    7. Field erection 55

17. Inspection, examination and testing 55

    1. General 55

    2. Weld examination 55

    3. Castings examination 56

    4. Examination of other components 57

    5. Testing 58

Annex A (informative) Equipment data sheets 60

Annex B (informative) Purchaser's checklist 89

Annex C (informative) Proposed shop-assembly conditions 93

Annex D (normative) Stress curves for use in the design of tube-support elements 95

Annex E (normative) Centrifugal fans for fired-heater systems 111

Annex F (normative) Air preheat systems for fired-process heaters 128

Annex G (informative) Measurement of efficiency of fired-process heaters 186

Annex H (informative) Stack design 253

Bibliography 263

Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 13705 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 6, Processing equipment and systems.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13705:2001), which has been technically revised.

Introduction

Users of this International Standard should be aware that further or differing requirements may be needed for individual applications. This International Standard is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This may be particularly applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details.

In International Standards, the SI system of units is used. Where practical in this International Standard, US Customary (USC) units are included in brackets for information.

A bullet () at the beginning of a clause or subclause indicates that either a decision is required or further information is to be provided by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on data sheets (see examples in Annex A) or stated in the enquiry or purchase order. Decisions should be indicated on a check list (see example in Annex B).

ANSI/API Standard 560/ISO 13705

Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Fired heaters for general refinery service

1. Scope

   This International Standard specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, materials, fabrication, inspection, testing, preparation for shipment, and erection of fired heaters, air preheaters, fans and burners for general refinery service.

   
   

   This International Standard is not intended to apply to the design of steam reformers or pyrolysis furnaces.

   
   

2. Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 1461, Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel articles — Specifications and test methods

ISO 1940-1:2003, Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state — Part 1: Specification and verification of balance tolerances

ISO 8501-1, Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products — Visual assessment of surface cleanliness — Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings

ISO 10684, Fasteners — Hot dip galvanized coatings

ISO 13704, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Calculation of heater-tube thickness in petroleum refineries

ISO 15649, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Piping

IEC 60079 (all parts), Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres

EN 10025-2:20041), Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels

ABMA Standard 92), Load Ratings and Fatigue Life for Ball Bearings

AMCA 2103), Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic Performance Rating AMCA 801:2001, Industrial Process/Power Generation Fans — Specifications and Guidelines API 6734), Centrifugal Fans for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services

1. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

2. American Bearing Manufacturers Association, 2025 M. Street, NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036, USA.

3. Air Movement and Control Association, 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL 60004, USA.

4. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, USA.

1