Managing Hydrotechnical Hazards for Pipelines Located Onshore or Within Coastal Zone Areas

API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1133 SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 2017

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Copyright © 2017 American Petroleum Institute

Foreword

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iii

1. Scope 1

2. Normative References 1

3. Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations 2

   1. Terms and Definitions 2

   2. Acronyms and Abbreviations 7

4. Overview of Hydrology and Hydrotechnical Hazards at Onshore and Coastal Zone Pipelines 9

   1. Riverine Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology 9

   2. Riverine Hydrotechnical Hazards 10

   3. Coastal Zone Hydrology 16

   4. Coastal Hydrotechnical Hazards 18

5. Overview of Hydrotechnical Damage Mechanisms 19

   1. Hydrodynamic Loading 20

   2. Debris Impact 21

   3. Vortex-Induced Fatigue 21

   4. Third Party Damage 23

   5. Dead Loads 23

6. Operations of Existing Pipelines 24

   1. Inventory Development/Inventory Update 25

   2. Filtering and Prioritization 26

   3. Data Gathering/Review/Integration 29

   4. Risk Assessment and Ranking 33

   5. Mitigation 33

   6. Monitoring 38

   7. Program Evaluation and Improvement 43

7. Design and Construction Considerations for New Pipelines 43

   1. Permitting 43

   2. Environmental Impact 43

   3. Community Impact 44

   4. Contingency Planning 44

   5. Inspection and Testing 44

   6. As-Built Drawings 44

   7. Site Restoration 44

   8. Construction Completion 45

8. Pipeline Abandonment 45

v

Annex A (informative) Data Sources 47

Annex B (informative) Flood Timing, Duration, Magnitude, and Variability 52

Annex C (informative) Flood Frequency 55

Annex D (informative) Example Scour and Erosion Calculations 60

Annex E (informative) Example Calculations of Allowable Unsupported Span Length 68

Annex F (informative) Examples of Select Engineering Controls 74

Bibliography 84

Figures

1. Streambed Profiles from the Rio Grande River at Albuquerque, NM, between April 5

   and June 28, 1948 Illustrating Temporary Scour and Fill (after USGS Open File Report 1967) 11

2. Streambed Profiles from the Missouri River at St. Charles, MO, between June 18

   and 19, 2002 Illustrating Dune Scour (after USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5091) 12

3. Streambed Profiles from the Arkansas River at Arkansas City, KS, between June 2 and August 31,

   1948 Illustrating Local Scour and Fill around Bridge Piers (after USGS Open File Report 1967) 13

4. Schematic of Ice Jam Scour 14

5. 2013 Aerial Photograph of the Leaf River, MS Illustrating Significant Bank Erosion

   and Channel Migration 15

6. Time Series of Aerial Photography from April 1998 through November 2013

   of the Wabash River, IN, Documenting the Development of a Channel Avulsion 16

7. Map Illustrating State of Louisiana Coastal Zone Boundary

   (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2010) 18

8. 2014 Aerial Photograph of the Louisiana Shoreline South of Lake Charles, LA

   Illustrating Significant Shoreline Retreat 19

9. Map of Southeastern Louisiana Illustrating Historic and Projected Land Loss between

   1932 and 2050 Highlighted in Red 20

10. Example of Bank Erosion as a Source of In-channel Woody Debris 21

11. Schematic of Vortex-induced Vibrations 22

12. Example of Allowable and Actual Unsupported Span Length vs Water Velocity

    for VIV Damage Mechanism 22

13. Example of Engineered Span Supported by H-braces 23

14. Example of Debris Loading on Pipeline Support 24

15. Example Waterway Integrity Management Process 25

16. Schematic of Initial Filtering Process 27

17. Example Process Flow Chart for Pipeline Filtering 27

18. Simplified Depiction of Risk 34

1. Example Short Range River Level and Discharge Forecasts Provided by NOAA (USGS Stream

   Gauge at Two Rivers River at Hallock, MN—gauge No. 05095000) 50

2. Example Long-range Flood Risk Forecast Provided by NOAA (USGS Stream Gauge

   at North Platte River at Lewellen, NB—Gauge No. 06687500) 50

3. Example Map Illustrating Location of North American Snotel Sites 51

1. Typical Long Duration Snowmelt Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Yellowstone River at Billings, MT Stream gauge—gauge No. 06214500) and Short Duration Rainfall Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Colorado River at Bastrop, TX Stream Gauge—

   gauge No. 08159200) 53

2. Measured Precipitation and Streamflow at Colorado River at Bastrop, TX 53

   
   

3. Average Hydrograph Compared to 1996 Rain-on-Snow Flood Event

   (Stehekin River at Stehekin, WA) 54

4. Typical Arid Stream System Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Rio Hondo at

Diamond “A” Ranch Near Roswell, NM Stream gauge) and Snowmelt Hydrograph 54

1. Measured Daily Average Flows, Annual Peak Floods and Predicted Floods from the 2-year to the 100-year Return Period Flood Events (Data Collected by the USGS at the

   Stillwater River at Pleasant Hill, OH) 56

2. Differences in Predicted 100-year Return Period Floods Using Longer vs Shorter Flood

   Records (Cedar River at Cedar Rapids, IA) 56

3. Differences in Predicted 100-year Return Period Floods as a Result of Urbanization

   (Boneyard Creek at Urbana, IL) 57

4. Differences in Predicted 100-year Return Period Floods Before and After Construction

of flood control dam (Green River near Auburn, WA) 58

1. Example Relationship between Water Velocity and Allowable USL 71

2. Example Relationship between Water Velocity and Allowable USL Relative to VIV 73

1. Photograph Showing Installation of a Permeable Dike to Mitigate Bank Erosion and Channel

   Migration 75

2. Photograph Documenting Successful Mitigation of Bank Erosion and Channel Migration

   through Use of Permeable Dikes 75

3. Photograph Illustrating Use of Anchored Trees to Encourage Wood and Sediment

   Accumulation 76

4. Photograph Showing Installation of Stone Toe Protection in Combination with Willow Posts

   to Mitigate Bank Erosion and Channel Migration 76

5. Photograph of a Rip Rap Stream Barb 77

6. Photograph of Rock Cross Vane 77

7. Photography of Bendway Weir 78

8. Bank Armoring Using Place Grout Bags 78

9. Bank Armoring Using Place Grout Bags 79

10. Bank Armoring Using Rock Rip-rap 79

11. Bank Armoring Using Rock Rip-rap 80

12. Bank Armoring Using Woody Debris and Vegetation 80

13. Photograph of Flexible Concrete Matting Placed to Armor Channel Bottom 81

14. Photograph of Rock Check Dam Placed across Stream Channel 81

15. Photograph of Log Check Dam Placed across Stream Channel 82

16. Photograph of Seawall to Mitigation Coastal Erosion 82

17. Photograph of Rip-Rap Placement to Mitigation Coastal Erosion 83

18. Photograph of Constructed Oyster Reef to Mitigation Coastal Erosion 83

Tables

1. Example Prioritization Approach 29

2. Hazard Assessment Method 31

3. Example of Factors Considered in Consequence Analysis 33

4. Hydrodynamic Hazards vs Possible Mitigation Actions 37

5. Example Periodic Monitoring Schedule 39

6. Example Conditions to Monitor for During Event-based Monitoring 41

Recommended Practice for Managing Hydrotechnical Hazards for Pipelines Located Onshore or Within Coastal Zone Areas

1. Scope

   This recommended practice (RP) applies to new and existing hydrocarbon pipelines that transport gas and hazardous liquids. It is intended to apply to onshore waterways and coastal zones that may be susceptible to hydro- technical hazards. An onshore waterway is any man-made or natural channel through which water flows. Coastal zones extend offshore to a water depth of 15 ft and extend inland to include those areas of land influenced by tidal action, storm surge, back water flooding and other coastal hazards.

   
   

   The RP provides guidelines and recommendations for identifying, assessing and managing risks to pipeline integrity associated with these hazards through the life-cycle of a pipeline. Except for the design and construction provisions in Section 7 of this RP which are strictly for new pipelines, this RP is for both existing and new pipelines.

   
   

2. Normative References

The following codes, standards, practices, specifications publications, and government regulations are incorporated in this RP.

API 1

API Specification 6D, Pipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball, and Check Valves)

API Standard 1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

API Recommended Practice 1109, Marking Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Facilities

API Recommended Practice 1110, Pressure Testing of Steel Pipelines for the Transportation of Gas, Petroleum Gas, Hazardous Liquids, Highly Volatile Liquids, or Carbon Dioxide

API Recommended Practice 1117, Movement of In-service Pipelines

API Recommended Practice 1160, Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines

AWS 2

D1.1, Structural Welding Code

NASTT 3

Guidelines for a Successful Directional Crossing Bid Package, 1996 OSHA 4

29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1926.650 through 1926.652 (Trenching and Shoring Code Only)

1. American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070. www.api.org

2. American Welding Society, 550 NW LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126. www.aws.org

3. North American Society for Trenchless Technology, 1655 N Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22209. www.nastt.org

4. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20210. www.osha.gov. Note: OSHA Regulations are posted on, and can be downloaded from the OSHA website.

1

2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1133

3 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations

3.1 Terms and Definitions

For the purposes of this publication, the following definitions apply:

3.1.1

abandonment

A pipeline permanently removed from service that has been physically separated from its source of gas or hazardous liquid and is no longer maintained.

3.1.2

anchor frazil

Ice crystals carried to or formed on the channel bottom, which covers the channel bottom with a thick mass.

3.1.3

armoring

A facing layer (protective cover) or rip-rap consisting of very large stones placed to prevent erosion or the sloughing off of soil from an embankment.

3.1.4

avulsion

Rapid abandonment of a river channel and the formation of a new river channel.

3.1.5

bed-form migration

Features such as ripples and dunes on the channel/coastal zone bed resulting from bed material being moved by flowing water that can gradually move upstream or downstream depending on local hydraulic and sediment characteristics.

3.1.6

bending stress

Internal or compressive longitudinal stress developed in response to curvature induced by an external load.

3.1.7

check dams

A low, fixed structure, constructed of timber, loose rock, rip rap, masonry, or concrete, to control water flow in an erodible channel.

3.1.8

coastal zone

Area of coastal waters and the adjacent shore lands strongly influenced by each other and includes islands, transitional and intertidal areas, salt marshes, wetlands and beaches, and extends offshore to a depth of water of 15 ft as measured from the mean low water elevation.

3.1.9

cofferdam

A temporary structure built around a site to permit construction in (relatively) dry conditions.

3.1.10

commercially navigable waterway

PHMSA Pipeline Safety has elected to use the National Waterways Network database as the basis for identifying commercially navigable waters. This database includes commercially navigable waterways in open water (i.e.

MANAGING HYDROTECHNICAL HAZARDS FOR PIPELINES LOCATED ONSHORE OR WITHIN COASTAL ZONE AREAS 3

offshore or in the Great Lakes) and those that are inland (rivers, canals, harbors, etc.) where a substantial likelihood of commercial navigation exists.

3.1.11

cross vanes

Structure typically constructed from timber or loose rock designed to guide flow away from channel banks to reduce bank erosion and promote local sedimentation.

3.1.12

cuttings

A mixture of drilling mud and soil that is generated during drilling operations.

3.1.13

degradation

The general lowering of the streambed by erosive processes, such as scouring by flowing water. The removal of channel bed materials and downcutting of natural stream channels.

3.1.14

deposition

The physical process by which sediments, soil, and rock are added to a landform.

3.1.15

depth of cover (DoC)

The distance between the top of the pipeline and the surface of the ground above the pipeline. It will typically vary across the waterway due to variations in the pipeline profile and the channel bottom topography. Minimum DoC represents the least amount of ground cover above the pipeline.

3.1.16

discharge

Discharge or stream/river flow, is the volumetric rate of flowing water which is transported through a given cross- sectional area. Discharge is typically described in cubic feet per second (cfs).

3.1.17

engineered span

A pipeline designed and engineered to cross a waterway at elevations above the channel bottom. Such spans differ from those that are the result of either channel bed erosion or bank erosion.

3.1.18

erosion

The wearing away or removal of soil or other material by the action of water or other agents.

3.1.19

fatigue

The phenomenon leading to facture of a material under repeated or fluctuating stresses having a maximum value less than the tensile strength of the material.

3.1.20

fetch

The distance over which waves are generated by a wind having constant speed and direction.