Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 8.2

Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

THIRD EDITION, OCTOBER 2015

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iii

1. Scope 1

2. Referenced Documents 2

3. Terminology 2

4. Significance and Use 3

5. Representative Sampling Components 3

6. Design Criteria 4

7. Automatic Sampling Systems 5

8. Sampling Location 5

9. Mixing of the Flowing Stream 7

10. Proportionality 9

11. Sample Extractor Grab Volume 10

12. Containers 10

13. Sample Handling and Mixing 11

14. Control Systems 11

15. Sample System Security 12

16. System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests) 12

17. Performance Monitoring 13

18. Crude Oil 14

19. Refined Products 24

20. Keywords 25

Annexes (Mandatory Information)

A1 Calculation of the Margin of Error Based on Number of Sample Grabs 25

A2 Theoretical Calcluations for Selecting the Sampler Probe Location 27

A3 Performance Criteria for Portable Sampling Units 32

A4 Profile Performance Test 37

A5 Sampler Acceptance Test Data 39

Appendixes (Nonmandatory Information)

X1 Design Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System 42

Bibliography 45

Summary of Changes 45

Figures

1. In-Line Sampling System 6

2. Slip Stream Sample Loop Sampling System 7

3. Sample Volume Regulator 7

4. Typical Portable Installation 8

   
   

5. Linefill 8

6. Probe Design 8

7. Sample Probe and Slip Stream Take-Off Probe Location for Vertical or Horizontal Pipe 9

8. Sample Probe with Multiple Containers 11

9. Sampling Components and Related Tests 13

10. Flowchart 14

11. Probe Chamfer Design 16

12. Beveled Probe 17

13. Sequence of Acceptance Test Activities 20

A1.1 Number of Samples versus Margin of Error 27

A2.1 Comparison of Mixing Devices 28

A3.1 Portable Sampler Operational Data Confirmation of Mixing and Flow Sensor Velocity 34

A3.2 Portable Sampler Operational Data Confirmation of Free Water Sampled 35

A3.3 Typical Piping Schematic to be Recorded for Discharges 36

A3.4 Typical Piping Schematic to be Recorded for Loading 37

A4.1 Multi Probe for Profile Testing 38

A5.1 Sampler Acceptance Test Data Sheet 40

X1.1 Design Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System 43

X2.1 Comparison of Percent Sediment and Water versus Unloading Time Period 44

Tables

1. Sample Frequency Variables 11

2. Container Size when Used In Different Applications 18

3. Allowable Deviations for the Single and Dual Sampler Water Injection Acceptance Tests

(Volume by Percent) 19

A1.1 Symbols 25

A1.2 Samples versus Margin of Error 26

A.2.1 Symbols Used in Annex A2 29

A2.2 Dispersion Factors 29

A2.3 Suggested Resistance Coefficients, K 29

A2.4 Dissipation Energy Factors () 30

A2.5 Dissipation Energy Relationships 30

A4.1 Typical Profile Test Data, in Percent by Volume of Water 38

A4.2 Calculation of Point Averages and Deviation 39

Designation: D4177 − 15a

Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.2

Standard Practice for

Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1

This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

The previous version of the automatic sampling practice described the design, installation, testing, and operation of automated equipment for the extraction of representative samples from the flowing stream and storing mainly for crude oil.

This practice is a performance-based standard. It still includes the design, installation, testing, and operation of automated equipment for extraction of representative samples. It also includes the testing and proving of a sampling system in the field under actual operating conditions to ensure that the equipment, installation, and operating procedures produce representative samples. The acceptance criteria for custody transfer are covered in this practice. This practice does not address how to sample crude at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Extensive revisions have been made to the prior version of D4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2).

This practice also provides guidance for periodic verification of the sampling system. This practice is separated into three parts:

General—Sections 5– 17 (Part I) are currently applicable to crude oil and refined products. Review this section before designing or installing any automatic sampling system.

Crude Oil Sampling—Section 18 (Part II) contains additional information required to complete the design, testing, and monitoring of a crude oil sampling system.

Refined Product Sampling—Section 19 (Part III) contains additional information required to complete the design of a refined product sampling system.

A representative sample is “A portion extracted from the total volume that contains the constituents in the same proportions that are present in that total volume.” Representative samples are required for the determination of chemical and physical properties that are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.

The process of obtaining a representative sample consists of the following: the physical equipment, the correct matching of that equipment to the application, the adherence to procedures by the operator(s) of that equipment, and the proper handling and analysis.

1. Scope*

   1. This practice describes general procedures and equip- ment for automatically obtaining samples of liquid petroleum

      
      

      1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum Measurement, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 /COMQ the joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API). This practice has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established proce- dures. This practice was issued as a joint ASTM-API standard in 1982.

      Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4177 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4177-15A.

      and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container. This practice also provides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling. If sam- pling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API MPMS Chapter 8.3). This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids.

      
      

      *A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

      Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

      API MPMS Chapter 8.2

      
      

      
      

   2. Table of Contents:

      
      

      INTRODUCTION

      
      

      Section

      
      

      D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products

      1. API Standards:3

         Scope 1

         Referenced Documents 2

         Terminology 3

         Significance and Use 4

         PART I–GENERAL

         Representative Sampling Components 5

         Design Criteria 6

         Automatic Sampling Systems 7

         Sampling Location 8

         Mixing of the Flowing Stream 9

         Proportionality 10

         Sample Extractor Grab Volume 11

         Containers 12

         Sample Handling and Mixing 13

         Control Systems 14

         Sample System Security 15

         System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests) 16

         Performance Monitoring 17

         PART II–CRUDE OIL

         Crude Oil 18

         PART III–REFINED PRODUCTS

         Refined Products 19

         KEYWORDS

         Keywords 20

         ANNEXES

         MPMS Chapter 3 Tank Gauging MPMS Chapter 4 Proving Systems MPMS Chapter 5 Metering

         MPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products (ASTM Practice D5854)

         MPMS Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling and Han- dling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement (ASTM Practice D5842)

         MPMS Chapter 10 Sediment and Water

         MPMS Chapter 13 Statistical Aspects of Measuring and Sampling

         MPMS Chapter 20 Production Allocation Measurement for High Water Content Crude Oil Sampling

         MPMS Chapter 21 Flow Measurement Using Electronic Metering Systems

      2. ISO Standards:4

      ISO 1998 Petroleum Industry – Terminology – Part 6:

      Calculations of the Margin of Error based on Number of Sample Grabs

      Theoretical Calculations for Selecting the Sampler Probe Location

      Annex A1 Annex A2

      Measurement

      NOTE 1—See the Bibliography at the end of this standard for important historical references.

      Performance Criteria for Portable Sampling Units Annex A3

      Profile Performance Test Annex A4

      Sampler Acceptance Test Data Annex A5 APPENDIXES

      Design Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System Appendix X1

      3. Terminology

      3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:

      3.1.1 automatic sampling system, n—fluid sampling system

      Comparisons of Percent Sediment and Water versus Unloading Time Period

      Appendix X2

      that consists of: (a) flowing fluid stream conditioning, if required; (b) a means of automatically extracting a represen-

      1. Units—The values stated in either SI units or US

         Customary (USC) units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Except where there is no direct SI equivalent, such as for National Pipe Threads/diameters, or tubing.

      2. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

      
      

2. Referenced Documents

   1. ASTM Standards:2

D4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)

D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures D4928 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric

Karl Fischer Titration

D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement

tative sample; (c) pacing of the sample extraction in a flow or time proportional manner; and (d) delivering of each extracted sample to a sample container or an analyzer.

1. Discussion—The system consists of a sample extrac- tor with an associated controller and flow-measuring or timing device, collectively referred to as an automatic sampler or auto-sampler. In addition, the system may include a flow conditioner, slipstream, sample probe, and sample condition- ing.

2. Discussion—Systems may deliver the sample di- rectly to an analytical device or may accumulate a composite sample for offline analysis, in which case, the system includes sample mixing and handling and a primary sample container.

3. Discussion—Automatic sampling systems may be used for liquids.

1. batch, n—discrete shipment of commodity defined by a specified quantity, a time interval, or quality.

2. component testing, n—process of individually testing the components of a system.

3. dead volume, n—in sampling, the volume trapped between the extraction point and the primary sample container.

3.1.4.1 Discussion—This represents potential for contami- nation between batches.

2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

3 Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, https://www.api.org.

4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, https://www.ansi.org.